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What is Pancreatic Cancer?

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, killing one in three men and women diagnosed with this disease.

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to treat and cures remain elusive.

To learn more about this disease, please read our Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms and Treatment page.

What are the different types of Pancreatic Cancer?

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal forms of cancer. The survival rates are quite low and the disease has one of the highest mortality rates.

1. Atypical Acinar Cell Carcinoma

2. Adenocarcinoma

3. Adenoma

4. Endocrine Cancer

5. Neuroendocrine Cancer

6. Mixed exocrine/endocrine cancer

7. Mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma

8. PanNET

What are the symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer?

Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer may vary depending on the type. Most pancreatic cancers present with symptoms of stomach pain. In some cases, the patient may experience jaundice.

Common symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer may include:

The diagnosis of pancreatic cancer depends on the history of the disease and its symptoms. A proper diagnosis involves a biopsy of the tumor. An endoscopy or a CT scan is a common way to detect the disease.

A biopsy of the pancreas tissue is mandatory to establish the diagnosis. A complete workup of the patient’s condition includes evaluation of blood tests, liver function, CA-125, and other medical tests.

What are the signs of Pancreatic Cancer?

The tumor typically grows slowly, and it causes swelling of the surrounding tissues. As it grows, it may compress the blood vessels that supply it. This restricts the flow of blood to the tumor.

The tumor may cause swelling of the abdomen which is typically painful. The tumor may compress the bile duct which may lead to jaundice.

Causes of Pancreatic Cancer

As there is a lack of early detection for pancreatic cancer, the disease may grow to be lethal. The cause of pancreatic cancer is not yet known.

How is Pancreatic Cancer cured?

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to cure. The patient has to receive treatment at the earliest stage of the disease.

Patients who have pancreatic cancer need to receive surgery. This may help to reduce the mass of the tumor and remove the whole tumor.

Radiation therapy is recommended for patients who do not undergo surgery. This is used to prevent the tumor from growing and damaging the other organs of the body.

After the surgery and radiation therapy, the patient may receive chemotherapy

What is the risk of developing Pancreatic Cancer?

By contrast, people over the age of 80 are most likely to develop this disease. Only 15% of patients are diagnosed in the early stages of the disease (stages I and II), and most die within 12 months of diagnosis.

The pancreas consists of three parts which include:

• Tail: This is the end of the pancreas close to the spleen.
• Head: This is a part of the pancreas near the hepatic ducts and small intestine
• Body: This is in the middle of the pancreas
  About 90% of pancreatic cancers grow in the head of the pancreas.

Types of Pancreatic Cancer

Types of pancreatic cancer include:

Endocrine tumors: A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor can be non-functioning which means it doesn’t make any hormones or it can even function which means it can make hormones. A functioning neuroendocrine tumor is based on the hormones that cells normally make.

• PPMAS
• insulinoma
• vaporous
• gastrinoma
• glucagonoma
• somatostatinoma

Some other rare tumors of the pancreas are

• lymphoma
• acinar cell carcinoma
• cystic tumor
• neuroendocrine tumor

Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

• There are different types of surgery that help to remove pancreatic cancer.

Curative Surgeries for pancreatic cancer

• part of the common bile duct
• head of the pancreas
• gall bladder
• duodenum
• body of pancreas
• lymph nodes close to the pancreas
• part of stomach
• a small part of the jejunum

Distal pancreatectomy: This procedure involves removing part of the body of the pancreas and the tail of the pancreas.

Procedure

• Malignant (cancerous) tumors of the pancreas.
• Malignant tumors that are close to other organs.
• Symptoms caused by these tumors include:
• Diarrhea.
• Weakness and weight loss.
• Pain in the upper abdomen.
• Bleeding in the stool.
• A feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen.

Palliative Surgeries for pancreatic cancer

Gastric bypass: procedure allows the patient to eat normally.

Stent placement: A metal tube is inserted that helps keep the bile duct open to avoid blockage.

Ablative Techniques for pancreatic cancer

Cryoablation or cryosurgery: This procedure involves freezing the tissue to destroy it.
Microwave Thermotherapy: This procedure uses a microwave to heat and destroy cancer.
This radiation does not harm any surrounding healthy cells.

• alone or in combination with radiotherapy

Causes of Pancreatic Cancer

• smok
• diabetic people
• People with long-term inflammation of the pancreas

Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is painless and silent in its early stages.

Symptoms depend on the location of cancer inside the pancreas -Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, nausea, dark urine, weight loss, itching, back pain, vomiting, jaundice, and abdominal pain are various symptoms of pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas.

Pancreatic Cancer Skin Symptoms

• Itching
• Jaundice

Pancreatic Cancer Gastrointestinal Symptoms

• Pale-colored stools
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Bloating
• Diarrhea

Pancreatic Cancer Whole Body Symptoms

• Elevated blood sugars
• Malaise
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite

Stages of Pancreatic Cancer

Stage 1: At this stage, the cancer is within the pancreas which may become larger.

Stage 2: In the second stage, cancer has begun in the tissues near the bile duct, duodenum, pancreas, or lymph nodes near the pancreas.

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